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Postnormal times or "PNT", a concept developed by Ziauddin Sardar, is a description of the turbulent and changing times we are living in. Sardar defines PNT as "in an in-between period where old orthodoxies are dying, new ones have yet to be born, and very few things seem to make sense."〔Ziauddin Sardar, "Welcome to postnormal times," Futures 42(2010) 435-444. 〕 This period is characterized by three C’s: chaos, complexity and contradictions, which come together to produce uncertainty and different varieties of ignorance. == Definition == The concept of postnormal times is based on the notion of Post-normal science, developed by Jerome Ravetz and Silvio Functowicz. In PNS, "facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high, and decision urgent."〔Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, "A new scientific methodology for global environmental issues," in ''Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability,'' edited by Robert Costanza (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991) 137–152. 〕 What applies to science also applies to the world at large. In PNT, what we conventionally see as ‘normal’ evaporates. Concepts and ideas that have historically guided us - : modernity, postmodernism, predatory capitalism, market fundamentalism, hierarchical structures of society, institutions and organisations, top down politics, broken government, polluting industries, runaway technology, marginalisation of the vast swathes of humanity, xenophobia, racism and misogyny, unjust social and political policies, scientism, and everything else that has shaped and defined the ‘modern world’ - become irrelevant. In particular, the old ideas of progress, constant growth and efficiency are now redundant. We need to find new ways to understand and navigate postnormal times. A number of scholars and journalists have observed that something strange is happening to our planet as well as at social, cultural and political levels. Globalization has created an inter-connected world where everything is connected to everything else. Innovations and advances in technology transform the social and cultural landscapes rapidly. Climate change has added an extra layer of complexity. The resulting phenomena has variously been described as global weirding"〔John A Sweeney, "Command-and-control: Alternative futures of geoengineering in an age of global weirding," Futures 57(2014) 1-13. 〕 (3) and "global swarming"〔Bryan Welsh, "Invasive species," Time 184(28 July 2014)〕 But the concept of PNT provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of this phenomenon, methods for developing policy to cope with it, and ideas for exploration of postnormal futures. Sardar emphasizes that we are not talking of desired futures or preferable futures---that comes after postnormal times---although we are describing a potential, indeed given the trends, a necessary future. What we are actually doing is describing, based on certain observations, a phenomenon ‘out there’. By understanding the trends of the last couple of decades, we can have a better appreciation of the potential postnormal future that lies ahead. Postnormal times thus describe the dynamics of our time, or the zeitgeist if you like, and charts the transitions we are going through. PNT is one of the core areas of research for the (Center for Postnormal Policy and Futures Studies ), which is based at East-West University in Chicago, Illinois, USA. A number of articles and editorials on PNT have been published in (East-West Affairs: A Quarterly Journal of North-South Relations in Postnormal Times ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Postnormal times」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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